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Parachartergus colobopterus
''Parachartergus colobopterus'' is an epiponine social wasp belonging to the subfamily Polistinae. This species can be found through Central and South America and is unique because its colonies contain multiple queens. However, relatedness among nest mates remains relatively high as a result of cyclical oligogyny, which is a system where the number of queens varies over time. Because workers and queens do not demonstrate any significant morphological differentiation, individuals of this species are ''totipotent'', capable of differentiation into any caste, because caste is not genetically determined. Relatedness and conflict therefore play a major role in determining the dominance hierarchy and behavioral patterns of this wasp species, especially the behavior of worker policing. Another unique characteristic of this wasp is that it is generally a docile species: when the nest is continuously provoked, the colony members will leave the nest instead of mounting an attack.
==Taxonomy and phylogeny==
''P. colobopterus'' is an epiponine wasp – one of several tribes of Polistinae within the family Vespidae. There are 23 other genera and 200 species of epiponine wasps. This species was classified by Martin Lichtenstein in 1796.
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